Salem Witch Trials free essay sample

Erin Sullivan Dating back to 1692 when the Salem Witch Trials were happening, it was a period of despondency, concern,and numerous allegations. The occasions that occurred in Salem in 1692 are a piece of a more prominent example since our commencement to aggrieve honest individuals, particularly ladies, as witches. Salem was broken into two sections, Salem Town and Salem Village which put it aside by economy, class and character. Salem Village was known as those who lack wealth, for the most part comprising of helpless ranchers who got by developing yields where as Salem Town was the wealthy, a well off town wherein was the focal point of exchange. Salem Village attempted to pick up its own freedom from Salem Town for a long while however at last succeeded picking up its own congregation and pastor in 1674. The traders who lived in Salem Village close Ipswich Road thrived however the ranchers felt that abundance of Salem Town compromised Puritan esteems. They felt that the opportune individual must of tagged along and that it must be a renewed individual around and someone who had the intensity of getting others to help in black magic. The main consistent individual who they could think about that fit this portrayal was Martha Corey. (First Salem witch hanging) The Trial of Martha Corey was on Friday March 11, 1692 it was a day of fasting and supplication in Salem. The allegation stunned the individuals who heard it in light of the fact that Martha Corey (Good spouse Corey) was another yet upstanding individual from the network. Promptly a someone was sent to the Corey homestead to address Martha wanting to demonstrate her innocence. Martha Coreys snide reaction to her being blamed caused her prompt capture. In the court Maratha’s informers squirmed excruciatingly as they were constrained by an inconspicuous capacity to copy the witchs each development. When Martha moved her feet they did too,when Martha bit her lip they were constrained to. On, Monday, the 21st of March,the officers of Salem selected to come to assessment of Good spouse Corey. What's more, around twelve of the clock they went into the gathering house,which was crowded with observers. Mr. Noyes started with an extremely relevant and unfortunate supplication, and Good spouse Corey being called to reply to what in particular was affirmed against her, she wanted to go to petition, which was greatly stood amazed at, within the sight of such a significant number of hundred individuals. The officers disclosed to her they would not let it be known; they came not there to hear her ask, however to look at her in what was affirmed against her. The adoring Mr. Hawthorne asked her for what valid reason she harassed those youngsters. She said she didn't burden them. He asked her, Who did at that point? She stated, I don't have the foggiest idea; in what capacity would it be advisable for me to know? † (Lawson) Martha was depicting that she had no idea with respect to what was happening and that she was being blamed for something that she didn't do. In any case, in the event that Martha genuinely was honest, at that point for what reason would she not ask and for what reason would she not battle and show more energy that she was not a witch. A portion of the individuals in the town began to approach and educating things regarding Martha, in light of the fact that they accepted she was a witch crop disappointments or newborn child passings - nearby townspeople rushed to blame each other for black magic (Milton). They would state that she has a book of spells and that she attempted to persuade little youngsters into doing enchantment with her, the more youthful the young ladies were the simpler it is gather their enchantment. Others would state that she had a little yellow fledgling that she would place in her grasp and slaughter then she would breath life into it back to show how much force she really had. No one really had verification that Martha was a witch and that she was in certainty rehearsing black magic. (Salem witch preliminaries) From the late fifteenth century to the late eighteenth century a flood of oppression washed across parts of Europe. A huge number of individuals were executed for black magic. Be that as it may, what was the deal? Faith in enchantment was practically all inclusive previously. Practically all societies accepted that you could utilize powerful intends to help chasing or to cause your yields to develop better or to make people or creatures increasingly ripe (Lambert). Be that as it may, you were unable to utilize enchantment to recuperate people and creatures (Lambert). For a great many people who lived before the eighteenth century enchantment was a customary piece of regular daily existence. To them the world was a baffling and terrifying spot. They didn't have the foggiest idea what caused illnesses and affliction so they would here and there expect it was something otherworldly. The individuals of the sixteenth century would utilize what they thought enchantment in their regular day to day existences to attempt to improve things for themselves , yet when individuals began believing that people were utilizing enchantment on other living things that’s when enchantment began being viewed as abhorrent and an awful thing (Lambert). Individuals who put stock in enchantment the idea that your foes could utilize enchantment to hurt you was alarming. The vast majority in the sixteenth century accepted that God had an adversary called the Devil, who was amazing. They accepted that witches settled on a settlement or concurrence with the Devil and consented to love and serve him. At the point when individuals were being blamed for black magic they were not given a reasonable preliminary. They didn't utilize proof they didn't give you a voice,if someone said you were a witch then you should be a witch (Lambert). The historical backdrop of black magic is incredible to such an extent that no one is extremely certain what really occurred. There are numerous hypotheses regarding what really happened , some state that witches began coming to earth and assuming control over human bodies when the eating up night began. The evening of the eating up or in any case called sorry night, in any case know as Halloween, is when witches descend from their reality and possess the individuals who are scared(Holt). They assume control over the frightened people since they are distant from everyone else and have no chance to get of protecting themselves , their psyches are basically open and simple to take over(Holt). They assume control over their bodies and afterward the witches have a vessel which they can play out their enchantment from. The witches who assume control over the human body make it so the human that was at that point in the body feel like they are snoozing. The witch will possess your contemplations and your past and they will act like the individual they took over as much as they could(Holt). A witch would in some cases slip up and their enchantment would begin to show or they would be caught,in a few cases they would get captured without acknowledging it. The more drawn out a witch is in a body the harder it would be for their enchantment in the event that it was shrewd to begin appearing. At the point when a witch would get found performing enchantment, thinking back to the sixteenth century they had no real way to get away from the human on the grounds that the main day they can enter or leave body is on October thirty first or if the human is illed. At the point when human was hung the witch could remain around and occupy another body however when the body was scorched the witch kicked the bucket with it. It required some investment for individuals to acknowledge what was going on. It was one of the most legitimate motivations to h ow witches could occur. (Holt) at times female witches were dealt with a great deal more terrible than male witches were. Female witches were typically beaten and their homes would be assaulted then torched they at that point would be hung or consumed and here and there even both relying upon how solid they thought the witch was (Lyons). In uncommon cases men witches were kept alive on the grounds that ministers would attempt to spare them and get separate their enchantment so they could utilize it for their own purposes(Lyons). When the clerics were finished with the male witches in the event that they despite everything accepted they were witches they would be slaughtered and their possessions would be burned(Lyons). In light of the Salem witch preliminaries , thousands universally lost loved ones over the doubt of being witches and doing hurt. Individuals would be murdered on the off chance that they were a decent witch or a terrible witch,innocent or liable, confirmation or no evidence. In the event that someone was believed to be a witch, at that point you would have been slaughtered. A gathering of individuals the relatives of individuals who were executed in the preliminaries , also called the Salem five began an appeal for their progenitors names to be cleared and realize that they were not witches and that they were murdered when they were guiltless (American Heritage). It was a long battle for there names to be cleared however at long last they in the end got their names cleared and they got their names in the paper and their names on the rundown of individuals who were accepted to be honest during the preliminaries yet they were murdered without genuine verification. American Heritage) When the witch preliminaries were going on witches were thought to have looked like common individuals who have the ability to slaughter individuals, make elixirs, and control individuals . Witches were believed to be abhorrent and just fit for doing hurt, yet they would stroll among people and act like people much of the time. The witches in the sixteenth century were however to look like typical regular people ,so they would not need to hide(Salem Witch exhibition hall). Presently in the twentieth century witches are thought to have long tacky uncombed dark hair and facial moles with a green face ,and a major nose. They are thought to wear all dark and long stocking ,they ride around on brush sticks and have boisterous snickering chuckles. The change from what individuals believed use to be witches and what individuals presently figure a witch would look like is so unique in relation to what they use to resemble. The adjustment in what witches resemble began when all witches began to be thought of as abhorrent and debasing. The change happened when guardians would enlighten their youngsters regarding underhanded animals that would take them in the night and cause them to do things that they would not have any desire to do . Individuals changed the vibe of witches with the goal that their accounts would startle small kids. Long periods of stories being passed down many ages individuals began to overlook that witches really appear as though ordinary people and that they mix in with regular society. (Salem witch exhibition hall) The repercussions of the Salem witch preliminaries affected a large number of honest individuals. Individuals were killed without given a reasonable preliminary , numerous family lines were slaughtered , and now a great many people believe that all witches are detestable and that all the anecdotes about witches a

Innovation Management at Airlines Industry

Advancement Management at Airlines Industry Official synopsis In a business setting, advancement as another thought implies the production of offer where clients needs are satisfied through a coordinated mix of merchandise, administration, frameworks, procedure and advances. This paper drew out an inventive thought for carriers industry, which could limit the expense by decreasing the lodge team all together extend the market development for the minimal effort spending aircrafts. The thought was the establishment of candy machine in the airplane. As a cross practical group, the thought would be executed by the ease spending carrier: Easyjet, whose primary target is to be the best low-admission aircraft on the planet. As a cross capacity group of Easyjet, very barely any thoughts were evaluated before go to the last one. By dissecting achievability and supporting, the group found that if Easy stream introduces the candy machine in their airplane, they could cut one of their lodge teams in an activity. It would lessen their expense just as bring adaptability of client support. The minimisation of cost prepares to serious low-toll by diminishing the ticket cost. In this report, the group likewise sifted through the potential issue which could emerge at beginning of the presentation of candy machine in airplane just as prescribe how to beat these circumstances. Setting up of candy machines requires a slight difference in airplane configuration just as necessities unique variant of candy machine, which is appropriate for airplane use. The groups plan unit made a likely structure of the airplane, which is shown in the report. Moreover, the support unit gave answers for the future upkeep of this item. Presentation Development is the commercialization of inventiveness. European Foundation for quality Management characterized advancement all the more exactly, as development is the change of thoughts into item, administration, procedure and frameworks and social cooperation. It makes new floods of significant worth that fulfilled partners and drive supportable development (refered to in Mele, 2009). This is the new rising marvel in business reasoning. Truth be told, development could be nonstop upgrades and radical or even intermittent thought of any item, procedure or it could be any help industry (Stamm, 2008). Advancement is vital for present serious and consistently evolving condition. As a develop industry, Airlines organizations are experiencing monstrous rivalry. Thus, development or making an incentive for client is the key around here. In any case, consistent or standard changing isn't exactly workable for this profoundly costly and hazardous industry. Despite the fact that, the carriers business which show a drive to make an incentive for cash, it tends to be an innovator around here field. The chose organization is Easyjet following the cost authority technique. Along these lines, the new proposed thought too follows the cost authority technique. Before choosing this thought, a great deal of thoughts were created. Toward the end, the establishment of candy machine in airplane is chosen to make another incentive for the Easy fly aircrafts. Why the advancement is significant for Easyjet and feasibility of the proposed thought are clarified in legitimization and explanation behind embracing imaginative procedure area. In the interim, the proposed structure of s etting up candy machine in airplane has been introduced in this report. Afterward, the anticipated issue is recognized and suggested the arrangement too. Toward the end, learning procedure will show how this thought was created. Starter examination: This is the initial step to build up any potential thought at which stage ventures specialized and commercial center benefits are resolved (Stamm, 2009). This task has focused the market of aircrafts industry. As a develop industry, carriers organizations are producing and actualizing diverse imaginative projection so as to get by in an exceptionally serious market. One of them is the cost key advancement has been acquired the UK by the two aircrafts industry, in particular: Ryan air and Easy stream. Simple fly is the proposed organization in this task. Examining its piece of the pie, advertise development, customer needs and needs and center skills, this undertaking distinguished the financially savvy imaginative thought, which is establishment of candy machine in the airplane basically for short take separation. Rationale behind this proposition is lessening the lodge group so as to cutting the expense. Then again, it would acquire the adaptability client support since clients need not to sit tight for food or drink. Besides, there would be assortment of food and drink in the candy machine. Thinking about specialized side of setting up candy machine, airplane will be overhauled to a little degree. Avocation for the Innovation Easyjet is right now the second biggest low spending aircraft in Europe. In 2009 traveler numbers expanded by 3.4% to 45.2 million this is because of Easyjets extraordinary offering recommendation of offering the least costs to the most helpful air terminals. It at present trips to 114 goals on more than 400 courses. It contrasts well and the model of Ryanair (as of now the biggest carrier in Europe) which offers the least admissions however to auxiliary air terminals (EasyJet, 2010). Easyjets methodology and plan of action depends on four key markers (Appendix-2) As proposed by Buckman (2007), the following huge wave in computerization, and travel innovation generally, will concentrate less on the procedure and more on the individuals. Pushing ahead, it will be progressively about how innovation can upgrade and improve the movement experience from booking to things. Low value, an assortment of goals, esteem for cash and effectiveness are center skills of Easyjet. Those fundamental beliefs ought not change paying little heed to natural choppiness (Collins and Porras, 1996). Its methodologies require cost decrease and other benefit sources are a higher priority than movement passages as a wellspring of income. The graph underneath shows a layout of how Easyjet looks at to its closest rivals in the aircraft business in Europe. Easyjet RyanAir English Airways Nature of Service: The nature of Easyjets administration contrasts well and that of Ryanair which is the main brand in the minimal effort Airline model. It anyway doesn't give a similar degree of administration as the system carrier British Airways. Goals: Easyjet goes to less goals than Ryanair. Be that as it may, it favors essential air terminals over optional air terminals which give it a minimal bit of leeway to clients who like to show up nearer to the downtown areas. It goes to a larger number of goals than British Airways in Europe. Value Advantage: Easyjet has an unmistakable value advantage over the system carriers because of its nitty gritty estimating model. Its costs are low however can be lower on the off chance that it picks increasingly optional air terminals like Ryanair. The examination above shows that Easyjet isn't the market head in any of its key abilities. it is thusly essential for Easyjet to improve its position. This should be possible through imaginative change in client support. Purposes behind Adopting Innovative Strategy With the opening of political limits across Europe, the aircraft business has seen colossal development as of late. An ever increasing number of travelers are bridging Europe for business and relaxation. This has took into consideration the development of minimal effort aircrafts directly across Europe. There has likewise been expanded rivalry from the fast rail industry with organizations like Eurostar expanding their piece of the pie in the vehicle business. The aircrafts have likewise been influenced by the ongoing changes in fuel costs and financial downturn. In 2009 Easyjet had the option to make humble benefits of  £54.7million in spite of these difficulties. Additionally, there was a higher increment in income from auxiliary sources (Appendix-2). As the organization model depends on diminishing ticket value, it is desirable over boost income from subordinate sources while decreasing expense. In accordance with easyjets vital need of building up a triumphant client suggestion and its capacity to utilize innovation for inventive change it has been investigated different opportunities for improving the client experience to accomplish development. They include: Offering a standing assistance for short take flights. (Supplement 2) Improving the EasyjetPlus card administration (Appendix-2) In-flight candy machine, which is clarified underneath. This item would permit clients an ease self assistance that is effectively accessible once on the flight. It would likewise diminish the remaining task at hand of the airline stewards. It opens roads for direct deals of items from Easyjet and outsiders. This choice permits Easyjet the chance to expand income by giving publicizing space to outsider providers. This would help improve the brand and auxiliary income. It would be imaginative as it is another item to the market and Easyjet might increase extra income by authorizing the item to different carriers once created. It would anyway require interest being developed of the idea and usage. Structure Simple machine (distributing) will situate in some piece of the Galley (kitchen) where food and drinks kept as well as contain airline steward hop seats, crisis hardware stockpiling, and whatever else that airline stewards may require during the flight. As beneath picture demonstrate, typical airplane like A319 has two cookroom regions which usable one for espresso machine and one for food and refreshments. Simple machine in reality could be introduced in kitchen territory for more wellbeing issue and as notice above simply consume some space and it produces from extremely light and solid plastic material. It is important to express that Easy machine completely upgraded and resized so as to fit and stick in cookroom. The vivid structure of arrangement candy machine in airplane and conceivable establishment place is shown beneath in two pictures: Potential issue and related arrangements: In this part, the point is to distinguish potential issues and threa

Exploring Employee Motivation at Bureau Veritas Dissertation

Investigating Employee Motivation at Bureau Veritas - Dissertation Example These investigations were completed over a time of nine years (for example from 1924 to 1932) by Elton Mayo (Dickson 1973). The Hawthorne considers found that fiscal advantages are by all account not the only factor to rouse representatives working in an association. Truth be told, representatives are likewise looking for different credits identified with their employments which thus shape their conduct and build up a mentality towards work. Furthermore, the Hawthorne concentrates likewise started the assessment of connection among representatives and the board by method of building up a human relations way to deal with the executives. In this specific respect, the investigations clarified how the necessities and inspirational elements for workers are viewed as the significant concentration for the board of an association (Bedeian 1993). After the direct of the Hawthorne considers and since the aftereffects of the investigations were made open, various scientists concentrated on to c reate understanding concerning what inspire workers and how their inspiration levels can be assessed (Terpstra 1979). In such manner, there were numerous hypothetical models created among which significant works included Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, Adam’s Equity Theory and Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory (Lindner 1998). 1.2. Meaning of Motivation While characterizing inspiration, various contemporary creators have given their clarification of the idea. Following are the meanings of inspiration given by various creators: The mental procedure that provides conduct reason and guidance (Kreitner 1995) An inclination to act in a purposive way to accomplish explicit, neglected necessities (Buford, Bedeian and Lindner 1995) An inner drive to fulfill an unsatisfied need and the will to accomplish (Higgins 1994, Bedeian 1993) Employee inspiration is considered to be significant for the enduranc e of the entire association (Smith 1994). In the cutting edge business universe of today, where necessities of the associations, purchasers and managers change ceaselessly, it is critical that workers are propelled enough to adapt up and follow these adjustments in the general condition. Aside from the way that inspiration is significant in making representatives to be versatile to changes and work towards the endurance of the association, it likewise helps in improving the profitability of representatives. In such manner, it is a matter of extraordinary criticalness that the administration of an association comprehends the elements which are answerable for improving inspirational levels among workers. The significance of knowing persuasive variables for workers for directors is additionally required to be considered due to all the obligations and obligations of the executives, persuading representatives is put among the top need errands and is likewise viewed as a confused and inte nse assignment for administrators; as inspiration levels for workers are inclined to predictable changes (Bowen and Radhakrishna 1991). With respect to occurrence, analysts in the past have concurred that subsequent to getting fulfilled from the budgetary motivating forces and

Maya Angelou and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - Literature Essay Samples

In I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou uses the settings and people of her childhood to illustrate the development of her moral and social outlook on life. During this time in her life, she is moved from place to place and from family to family. It is this exposure to different ways of life that help Maya decide what kind of person she is going to be. Religion is a major facet of Maya’s development in Stamps. Reverend Thomas, the presiding elder over the district that Momma’s church is in, comes to visit Stamps every three months. When he comes to town Momma always puts him up for the night and feeds him. Even though the family does not care for him much, Momma is still obliged to do this. It is her Christian duty, so Momma never questions fulfilling this obligation. Momma is the most direct source of Maya’s spiritual upbringing. She is the keeper of divine law for the Henderson family. Whenever she witnesses a spiritual infraction, her punishment is swift and thorough. These punishments are not dealt out of spite, but out of concern for Maya’s eternal soul. Momma’s lessons are meant to keep Maya on the narrow road to the afterlife, the only true way for the black man to overcome his oppression. Momma teaches with her actions, as well as her punishments. When Momma refuses to show any kind of reaction to the powhitetrash girls she teaches Maya an important lesson about strength, through her stoic refusal to be upset by these girls. Maya knows that â€Å"Whatever the contest had been out front, I knew Momma had won.† (Angelou 33.) During her time in Stamps, Maya learns of the harsh reality of racial inequality, and from an early age, through most of the book, Maya follows the examples and lessons taught to her there. Stamps consists of two separate parts of town, the black and white communities. These two communities developed through the rigid segregation that is found all throughout the South, not just in Arkansas. â€Å"In Stamps the segregation was so complete that most Black children didn’t really absolutely know what whites looked like† (25). Through this segregation Maya learns many of the racial standards that exist and must be followed in the South, during the depression. Uncle Willie teaches Maya the perils of breaking social customs. Unlike Momma, he only punishes the children when they break a social taboo. The best example of this is when Uncle Willie whips them for laughing in church. This infraction was severe enough that Uncle Willie felt he should do the punishing. Uncle Willie teaches his lessons in other ways, sometimes without even knowing it. He was crippled as a child, but he has never let that hurt his pride. When teachers from Little Rock stop in at the store, he stands without his cane and talks to them. This shows Maya that even the worst adversity can be overcome, if only for an afternoon. After Maya moves to St. Louis with her mother and Mr. Freeman, her mother’s boyfriend, Mr. Freeman molests and rapes her. When he molests her she does not know what was happening and she thought he was being kind to her. Later, Mr. Freeman rapes her, and he tells her never to tell or he will kill Bailey. When Maya has to testify at trial, she relates that she â€Å"couldn’t say yes and tell them how he had loved me once for a few minutes and how he had held me close† (85). Maya fells that she has been bad and this leads her to make a moral decision, to lie on the stand or to dishonor her family. Maya decides that her family’s honor comes before honesty. This also leads to her decision to stop talking, instead of having to continue lying about the rape. Her unwillingness to talk eventually leads to her being shipped back to Arkansas. After Maya returns to Stamps, Mrs. Flowers teaches her lessons of a more personal nature. Her lessons do not involve religion or society, but they are just as important to Maya’s growth. Mrs. Flowers is the first adult to treat Maya as more than just a child. She teaches Maya to overcome her trauma and speak again, through making Maya recite poetry. This helps cultivate Maya’s love for the written word and inspires a new love for the spoken word. It also teaches Maya that being black doesn’t mean that she cannot be educated and that she â€Å"must always be intolerant of ignorance but understanding of illiteracy.† (99). The lessons Maya is taught by the interactions of the black and white communities skew her views of race. When she first enters Whitefolksville, it’s as if whites are a different species to her, like they are aliens and not another race. This idea is enforced when she goes to work for Mrs. Cullinan. Mrs. Cullinan has many extravagant things that Maya would never be able to own. Among these are things Maya never even knew existed, like a fork specifically for salad. â€Å"Soup spoons, gravy boat, butter knives, salad forks, and carving platter were additions to my vocabulary and in fact almost represented a new language† (106). Her employment leads to her first minor victory over white society. When Mrs. Cullinan refuses to use Maya’s real name, and instead insists on calling her Mary, Maya breaks some of her good china. That action gets her fired, but also makes Mrs. Cullinan call her by her real name. While Maya lives with her mother in San Francisco, she decides to get a job as a trolley car conductor. There had never been a black woman conductor, of a trolley car, in San Francisco. When she goes to apply, the secretary puts her off and reluctantly tells Maya the personnel manager’s name. It was not Maya’s motivation to win a victory for black people, but at that moment Maya decides â€Å"I WOULD HAVE THE JOB. I WOULD BE A CONDUCTORETTE AND SLING A FULL MONEY CHANGER FROM MY BELT. I WOULD.† (268). This event shows that Maya has decided to no longer be held back by her color. She has stood up and will not be put back down by any one. Maya uses her new feelings of independence to fulfill her need to know about sex. When Maya becomes pregnant, she faces the greatest challenge to her moral code. She says, â€Å"the little pleasure I was able to take from the fact that if I could have a baby I obviously wasn’t a lesbian was crowded into my mind’s tiniest corner by the massive pushing in of fear, guilt and self-revulsion† (284). Momma’s lessons about religion and Uncle Willie’s lessons about proper conduct have been in vain; Maya is now a single pregnant black girl. Maya must overcome this guilt at being a single mother and show the strength to hide the pregnancy. The pregnancy must be hidden from her mother so that Maya can finish school and her mother will not make her drop out. After her son is born she must also develop the courage to raise him and realize that she is not going to hurt him. She learns through his birth that there is a price to pay for independence and sometimes i t is a high price to pay. The stories Maya tells in this book show how that all her life experiences helped to shape her moral compass, and from them the reader gains an understanding of why Maya Angelou is who she is. To explain the strength, spiritualism, independence, and pride that she has gained from the people she has known Maya shows that Momma gave her God, Uncle Willie gave her the skills to live as a black person, and her mother gave her the freedom to assert her independence. Everyone who reads this book should come away with an idea of what helped give Maya the drive to become such an accomplished person.

Leadership Styles Paper - 1158 Words

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What Culture And How Their Culture Affects Their Healthcare

1. What culture(s) do you personally identify with? Cultures I identify with are I am a female, Slovenian, German, Catholic individual. However, the main culture I identify with is the nursing culture. It’s essential we as nurses, focus on holistic care. This assignment assisted me in completing that; as I was able to learn about my patient’s background and the culture that they grew up in. 2. What are the culture(s) your patient identifies with, and specifically which one(s) will you focus on in this assessment? My patient identifies with multiple cultures such as being Christian, family orientated, part of the culture of having ovarian cancer, and is part of the Yakama nation tribe. I am going to focus on the Yakama Nation Tribe,†¦show more content†¦I did this to ensure understanding of the patient’s background. The patient told me that there are a few traditions that occur in this culture; such as root and huckleberry digging, eating Indian celery, drinking Indian Tea for good health when they have a cold, using ghost nets to go fishing, and praying for wellness. After understanding my patient’s background; I started directing questions that revolved around the six components of the Giger and Davidhizar model. The first concept, was communication. I asked my patient, how their culture predominately communicated with each other? My patient responded, by telling me that verbal communication was the biggest way they communicate. Story-telling, playing drums, and dancin g were other aspects to communication method; story telling engrained lessons into her and her siblings heads. The second concept is time; I observed and directly asked the patient how their culture viewed time. She responded by notifying me that her culture is very much in the present, however, story-telling focuses on the past. My patient also told me that being present with family was another huge aspect of her culture. As demonstrated by the amount of family members that visited her throughout the two days, that I took care of her. For the third concept of space, I observed the way in which my patient and their family interacted with each other. They interacted with each other closely; very similar to the way in which

Corporate Communication Theory and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Communication for Theory and Practice. Answer: Introduction: Corporate law or corporation law is the study about a company of directors, employees shareholders, creditors and stakeholders, where they related or communicate with each others. Its an important part of companys law. The assignment is related with the act of Corporation Act 2001(Cth) of Commonwealth of Australia, which corporate with Business Enterprises in Australia at federal and state level[1]. Here, the essay contains of power to issue bonus shares of shareholders and their rights to compel the board of the company for not issue the shares. It also contains the dividend of shareholders what they receive from the company and remuneration report where they can vote against the board[2]. According the sec - 254A of Corporation Act 2001, a company has power to issue three kinds of shares. Those are bonus shares, preference shares and partly paid shares. Bonus share only for the shareholders issues no consideration in with company. Preference shares only considerable for the redeemable preferences. Redeemable preference shares also issued according the terms liable to redeemed if it is happening in a proper and fixed time , according the companys or shareholders option for redemption. A company can issue preference share according following matters[3]. Those are: Repayment of amount of share to the shareholders Involvement with excess profit amount Increasing and decreasing of dividend amounts Voting process among shareholders, board members and managements A company can issue preference share only if the rights attached to the preference share with respect to the matters are set out in the companys constitution or have been otherwise approved. Redeemable preference is a part of preference share which only applicable if the terms of issues are liable to be redeemed[4]. The redeemable when: When it occurs at a proper or fixed time According the terms of company According the terms of shareholders. The share is a no liability company, if a no liability company is wound up and a surplus remains. It must be distributed among the parties entitled to it in proportion to the number of shares held by them, irrespective of the amounts paid up on the shares and which issued when excess amounts remains left, then company can distributed the amount among shareholders according their share interests. A member who is in arrears of a call on a share, but whose share has not been fortified, is not entitled to practice in the distribution based on holding that share until the amount owing it in respect of the call has been fully paid and satisfied. A company can also incorporated as no liability companies if it was registered as no liability company and cease to carry up its business within 12 months after its registration[5]. The shareholders can also issue to dealer or promoters who are never related to preference shares. Partly paid shares for the shareholders who are paid for a particular time. A company can only determine the terms of shares according their rules and regulation. The shareholders must submit an application for registration to the company according their name for providing shares. For bonus share there is no need to increase companys capital. Sec 254B described that term of issues, which include terms and rights related to that particular share. It also described that a share is not a liability for the companies, if that share is distributed between shareholders and not been forfeited. A forfeited share will not participate in distribution of shares until the amount received has been fully paid and satisfied[6]. Dividend Amount Company always paid to the shareholders out of the profits of the share. According sec 254T of Corporation Act 2001 , company may not pay the dividend amount to the shareholders unless assets of company cross its limits before declaring the dividend, the dividend amount is needs to distribute among shareholders and if it is not damage companys ability to pay its customers. Here the board of Waldmart Ltd has issue bonus shares to shareholders as because company has the power to issue bonus share. Waldmart Ltd already increases dividend amount $1.25 cents that rises 25% on last years dividend. b) Shareholders cannot directly compel or force the company to pay a dividend. There are only limited decisions where a shareholder can participate[7]. For example, making of companys article, association and casting the votes in meetings. Shareholders never ignored board or company directly[8]. If the dividend is unsatisfactory or company treated illegally then shareholders directly take steps against the board. They have 5% voting rights in AGM. . However, dividend process is changeable according the company policy. Company can only decide the amount of dividsend and when to pay. A dividend can be paid four times a year[9]. In Ford vs. the Dodge Brothers case, the Dodge Brothers sued Henry Ford for refusing to distribute companys cash to shareholders[10]. The Supreme Court gave judgment in favor of the Dodge Brothers and forced the Ford Company to pay the dividends. However, nowadays AGM is the only way in presence of shareholders where a company can change the dividend policy.[11][12] The shareholders never stop the directors from increasing and paying proposed dividend. They have right to hold a meeting where they can discuss about paid or increasing the share. According the companys rules, they can change the share policy. Shareholders have some general rights: Attending meetings Receive the annual reports from company. Participate in the meetings when company changing the share policy, dividend Right to receive the shareholders agreements Respect the companys minute book and securities registers Right to appoint directors A shareholder has legal rights and entity in a particular company where he can invest a sum of money and as a return, he gets benefits. It is the rights of shareholder to receive dividends from that company buy according the rights and regulation of that particular company. A shareholder works in a company individually[13]. They earn dividends as extra if the company is able to pay them. However, as companys constitution, company can only fixed the amount. A shareholder only own shares, not own corporation or their assets. A companys assets and liabilities are very different from shareholders assets and liabilities. When the dividend is declared, shareholders get their dividend amount but cannot demand that. The decision to skip dividends is only depends on the presumption of companys share price which will continue to grow or that its stock will remain attractive. They can also decide to not paying the dividends when they are high prospects of more earnings. Once the board decided t o pay or not pay the dividend, has declared the amount and dates.[14] Here, Jim Smith the manager Better Super Ltd which holds 4% of the shares in Waldmart Ltd and the shareholders of the company thought that bonus share issue was completely unnecessary and increasing the divided amount also. There is no right of shareholders to stop the directors of Waldmart Ltd. Remuneration is the basic salary that employee gets for his/her employment. It also includes the bonus or other benefits that an employee gets during employment. The minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that an employer can offer employee. The shareholders are also indirect employee in a company. They get remuneration according their investments in shares[15]. Remuneration reports are included in the Directors report detailing with remuneration that a shareholder gets, payment, policies, and share interests. Shareholders at Annual General Meeting must vote the remuneration report. The directors and other managements never voted in the remuneration report. They avoid doing this for keeping them in distance from any conflicts related to give votes about the remuneration reports[16]. Two-strike test describe the voting process events where the shareholders can vote against the Remuneration Repots. The first strike happens, when Remuneration reports receives no votes of more than 25% at the Annual General Meeting. If it occurs then company explain weather and the extent to which shareholders may concern to taken in to their accounts[17]. The second-strike test occurs when companys consequent Remuneration Report gets a no vote of 25% or more than 25%. In this matter, the shareholders will give votes in the same Annual General Meeting where directors must stand for re-election within 90 days [18]. However, directors or other management parties will not to be allowed to vote on this re-election. If the vote process is passed with at least 50% or more than 50% votes then directors must arrange for a spill meeting within 90 days[19]. In addition, if needed to give a notice for the spill meeting then the directors must publish that in the same AGM at the time of second strike. The notice of spill meeting must contain the circumstances of in which the resolution or meeting will apply and invites shareholders to apply again for the proxy voting[20]. The company will give the minimum notice period for the spill meeting where it is also includes the nomination of candidates. At the spill meeting, directors must leave or vacate their positions for those managements who are presented in recent AGM. After the spill meeting end, the managements will have the power of cease to hold the office [21]. The company if failed to proceeds the spill resolution in between 90 days after passing the spill vote process, then the directors and the management will have committed an offence[22]. A proxy voting is applicable only for the shareholders. It is must to cast for every directed proxy. However, when shareholders are voting on the Remuneration Report in a spill meeting, if the nominated proxy holder does not give his vote to the proxy then automatically, it will transfer to the chairperson who must voted all directed proxy holders. Company must disclose their Remuneration Report with all details of information with the help of remuneration consultants.[23] If any conflicts arise regarding the position then the consultant, determine or help to proceed. The remuneration consultant always hired by the non-executive directors.[24] In Waldmart Ltd, if the shareholders vote against the remuneration report and a second strike occurs, then the directors of the company will arrange for a spill meeting in between 90 days of the recent AGM. The proxy voting only decides to pass for a new remuneration report. Conclusion This essay emerges successfully provided the information about the shareholders rights and liabilities to issue bonus shares according the Corporation Act 2001(Cth). The power to issue of bonus by shareholder is briefly described according the acts. The shareholders of Waldmart Ltd have the power to issue bonus but they never compel or force the board for not issuing the shares. The dividend amount that board distributed among shareholders are always decides by the board members and they can change their policy according the statue of the company where shareholders never interfere in the decisions of the company. The other conclusion about the remuneration report is if the shareholders vote against the remuneration report and a second strike occurs, then the directors of the company will arrange for a spill meeting in between 90 days of the recent AGM. The proxy voting only decides to pass for a new remuneration report. Reference Bainbridge, Stephen.Corporate Law. West Academic, 2015. Cassidy, Julie.Corporations law: text and essential cases. Federation Press, 2008. Cornelissen, Joep.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage, 2014. Davenport, Shayne, and David Parker.Business and law in Australia. Law book Co, 2012. Ferran, Eils, and Look Chan Ho.Principles of corporate finance law. Oxford University P Hanrahan, Pamela F., Ian Ramsay, and Geofrey P. Stapledon. "Commercial applications of company law." (2013). Liu, Chen, William B. Rouse, and Zhongyuan Yu. "When transformation fails: Twelve case studies in the american automobile industry."Journal of Enterprise Transformation5.2 (2015): 71-112. Morrissey, Daniel J. "The Riddle of Shareholder Rights and Corporate Social Responsibility."Brook. L. Rev.80 (2014): 353. Renneboog, Luc, and Peter G. Szilagyi. "How relevant is dividend policy under low shareholder protection?."Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money(2015). Stout, Lynn. "The Corporation and the Law 1."Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society158.4 (2014): 364. Travlos, Nickolaos G., Lenos Trigeorgis, and Nikos Vafeas. "Shareholder wealth effects of dividend policy changes in an emerging stock market: The case of Cyprus." (2015).

Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay Essay Example

Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay Essay As a consequence of the 2011 public violences seen in the United Kingdom, Louise Casey ( 2012 ) was commissioned by the alliance authorities to compose a study entitled Listening to Troubled Families . This essay will review the study and see if authorities asceticism steps could impact in societal attention proviso and results for service users. It will discourse the narration of one household identified in the study whom require intercession and support in order to safeguard their kids ( Casey 2012 ) . It will give an lineation of the development and impact of statute law and policy counsel on societal work pattern for kids, households and carers. Furthermore it will see academic research and theories that inform societal work pattern when working with such households ; for case ; ecological theories, appraisal, life span theoretical accounts of development, professional power and fond regard theory. This essay will besides discourse the accomplishments necessary for modern-day so cietal work practicians to prosecute efficaciously with kids and households. It will reason that inter-professional, anti-oppressive, multi-professional and brooding pattern is paramount to successful results for households who require support from services. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The term troubled households was foremost used by David Cameron ( Cameron, 2011 ) , and subsequently defined by the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) as families holding serious jobs and helter-skelter personal histories. Cameron ( 2012 ) intends to guarantee those identified in the study as troubled 120,000 households, turn their lives around . These households are characterised as ; holding no grownup in employment, kids who do non go to school and household members partaking in anti-social behavior and condemnable activities. By cut downing costs and bettering results, the consequences based funding strategy purposes to alter service bringing for households ( Cameron, 2011 ) . Welshman ( 2012 ) , states that this policy docket is the latest Reconstruction of the underclass argument. Giddens ( 1973, cited in Haralambos and Holborn, 2002 ) claims that Britain has an lower class of people who are disadvantaged on the labor market because they lack makings an d accomplishments, and may confront favoritism, bias and marginalization in society. The New Labour Government ( 1997-2010 ) linked disorderly behaviour to job households and focussed on single lacks instead than an recognition of structural restraints, for case ; the effects of poorness on household relationships and parenting ( Hill and Wright, 2003 ; Gillies, 2005, in Parr, 2009 ) . New Labour implemented Family Intervention Projects ( FIP ) that were framed from the Respect Action Plan in 2006. This was criticized by a parental and household support administration Parentline Plus ( 2006 ) , as menaces of penalties to parents would impact negatively on households, and parents could be less willing to seek support before they reached crisis ( BBC News, 2006 ) . Enterprises like Signpost, provided intensive degrees of support and apprehension of multidimensional complexnesss, consisting of effectual intercession for kids and households within their communities ( Dillane et al 2001, cited in Parr, 2009 ) . Featherstone ( 2006 ) maintains this enterprise was within the context of the societal investing province, promoting investing in human capital as opposed to direct economic proviso provided by the province in the signifier of public assistance payments. Postle, ( 2002 cited in Parr, 2009 ) argues that Signpost intercession was societal work at its best leting so cietal workers clip for effectual communicating and partnership working instead than the policing of households. Levitas ( 2012 ) argued against research methodological analysis used in the Casey Report ( 2012 ) and of the thought of multi-disadvantaged households being the beginning of society s ailments. Levitas ( 2012 ) claims ; that the figure of 120,000 was founded on informations from a secondary analysis of a Children and Families Report ( 2004 ) . Literature suggests the figure of 120,000 households is underestimated, the figure of multi-disadvantaged households is significantly greater ( Levitas, 2012 ; Hern, 2012 ) . The initial 2004 survey found no grounds to bespeak that the households were problem shapers as proposed but did happen that they were households in problem. As a consequence of alterations in revenue enhancement, public assistance benefits, disbursement cuts and the go oning effects of the economic downswing ( Levitas, 2012 ) . Welshman ( 2012 ) advocates that history provides of import lessons for policymakers and turn toing both structural and behavioral causes of poorness is likely to be more effectual than numbering and specifying such households. He believes there is small cognition sing grounds for behaviors and calls for research for battling jobs that these households encounter. Casey ( 2012 ) has given an penetration by utilizing service users narrations and received positive responses from interviewees. However, her research does hold farther restrictions ; a little sample of 16 households, all of whom were at crisis point when they accepted working with the FIP ( Casey 2012 ) . Soloman ( 2012 ) claims that huge figure of vulnerable households are being left without any support. Casey ( 2012 ) made no mention to ethnicity and civilization of the households, hence giving no penetration into diverseness ( Clifford and Burke, 2009 ) . Bailey ( 2012 ) believes that the study breaches ethical criterion s for societal research, the households interviewed are participants in the FIP and hence had a power of countenance over them, therefore it may hold been hard for the households to worsen from the survey. No written information on the hazards of engagement was provided ; he besides suggests that ethical blessing was non applied for. Bailey, ( 2012 ) believes that there is a hazard of placing these households. Casey ( 2012 ) acknowledged that the information was non representative of 120,000 households but claims that it provides a sound footing for policy. Nevertheless, Bailey ( 2012 ) argues that there is no topographic point for unethical research in public policy devising. Comparative surveies were non conducted on households with similar economic and societal fortunes who are non described as troubled . Casey ( 2012 ) discussed intergenerational rhythms of maltreatment, force, intoxicant and drug abuse every bit good as worklessness being grounds for troubled households puting the unity on persons ( Levitas, 2012 ) . Kelly ( 2012 ) welcomes the Government s committedness to assistance households. He proposes that most parents on low incomes are good parents and believes that it is naif to blend unwellness, unequal lodging and poorness with substance abuse and offense. Kelly ( 2012 ) besides argues that many households involved with Family Action are socially stray, unseeable to back up services who struggle on low incomes instead than exposing anti-social behaviors. The instance surveies gave the parents position, nevertheless, the voice and sentiment of the kid was unheard. Ofsted ( 2010 ) found practicians concentrated excessively much on the dema nds of the parents and overlooked the deductions for the kid. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Article 12 declares, the positions of the kid must be respected, Article 3 provinces that the kid s best involvements must be a primary concern ( Unicef, 1992 ) . This essay will now discourse societal work pattern in relation to one of the households identified in Louise Casey s Report ( 2012 ) Chris and Julie ( appendix 1 ) . In the yesteryear, grownups like Chris and Julie who had larning disablements may hold been prevented from going parents, eugenic theories dominated, with the purpose to guarantee kids with similar disablements were non procreated ( Cleaver and Nicholson 2007 ) . However, in recent old ages attitudes are altering in favor of people with larning disablements giving them the same rights as other citizens sing gender and household life. An increased figure of people with larning troubles now have wider chances for independent life. Harmonizing to Haavik and Menninger ( 1981 cited in Booth and Booth, 1993, p 203 ) deinstitutionalization enabled many people with larning disablements to take part in their community. Duffy ( 2006, cited in Thompson et al 2008 ) , states that self-government is a nucleus rule in achieving citiz enship in western society. The displacement in sentiments and rules is apparent in authorities statute law and counsel therefore impacting on societal work pattern, for case ; Valuing Peoples: a new scheme for larning disablement for the twenty-first century ( 2001 ) , ( DoH 2001 ) and Valuing Peoples Now: The Delivery Plan ( 20102011 ) Making it go on for everyone gives counsel for all professionals back uping people with larning disablements populating in the community ( DoH 2011 ) . In relation to the instance scenario, Article 8 of The Human Rights Act 1998 ( .1 ) provides Chris and Julie with aˆÂ ¦ a right to esteem for private and household life, his place and correspondence ; nevertheless, any intervention with this right must be necessary and lawful with respect to public safety, national security, bar of public upsets and offense, or for the protection of rights and freedoms of others . Both Julie and Chris have a protected feature of disablement and hence under the Equality Act ( 2010 ) should be protected from direct and indirect favoritism from service suppliers. However, kids s rights are overriding and override those of their parents or carers ( DoH, 1998 ) . Access to larning disablement services in England was governed by Fair Access to Care Services ( FACS ) ( DoH, 2003 ) , until it was superseded by Puting Peoples First ( 2007 ) and highlighted the demand for a individualized Adult Social Care System ( DoH, 2007 ) . Emerson et Al ( 2005 ) found one in 15 grownups with larning disablements populating in England were parents and this research emphasised that about half of kids born to parents with learning disablements are at hazard from maltreatment and 20 five per cent no longer lived with their parents ( McGaw,2000 ) . Further research indicates that the bulk of services are as yet unequal in run intoing the demands of households with larning disablements ( McGaw 2000 ) . McInnis et Al ( 2011 ) likewise found complexnesss in finding eligibility for service users. They indicated that determinations sing eligibility are non merely determined by assessment consequences but by local authorities resources. They advocate equality and argue that alterations in appraisal tools are necessary when working with households with larning troubles. Chris and Julie reflect these findings as they merely received intercession when they faced troubles caring for their kids. The parental accomplishments theoretical account would be advantageous for practicians as it is designed to help the appraisal procedure when working with Chris and Julie. The theoretical account focuses on life accomplishments, familial history and entree to back up services. McGaw and Sturmey ( 1994 ) found that if troubles arise for parents in any of the three countries it Service users possibly uncooperative and loath to prosecute with services, possibly due to anxiousnesss and fright of effects. For illustration ; their kids being removed from their attention and their ain childhood experiences. Cultural consciousness and age appropriate intercessions are necessary to enable partnership working ( Egan, 2007 cited in Martin, 2010 ) . Horwath ( 2011 ) found that although some societal workers faced barriers to the Child-focused Assessment Framework, due to heavy work loads, clip limitations, public presentation marks and limited preparation chances. Others found that extra bureauc ratism gave them a security in their pattern. Smale, et Al. ( 1993 ) highlighted the undermentioned theoretical accounts of appraisal ; oppugning, procedural, and exchange theoretical account. The latter may be good when working in partnership with this household as the service users are viewed as experts and AIDSs their possible for working together towards ends. When working with households communicating can be complex ; effectual communicating would include active listening accomplishments, individual centred planning and intercession, besides avoiding the usage of professional jargon ( Anning et al, 2006 ) . The worker should be cognizant of non-verbal communicating and power instabilities in their working relationship ( DoH, DfES, 2007 ) . It may be advisable for this household to entree protagonism services to advance equality, societal inclusion and societal justness ( actionforadvocacy.org.uk, 2012 ) . Harmonizing to Yuill and Gibson ( 2011 ) , advocacy promotes anti-oppressive pattern. Horwath ( 2010 ) suggests positive relationships are built on trust. This echoes the individual centred rules of Rogers ( 1961, cited in Thompson et Al, 2008 ) enabling the practician to detect realistic emotional, bodily and behavioral responses from the kid and household, that are indispensable for effectual information assemblage for appraisals ( DoH 2006 ) . Martin ( 2010 ) argues in order to guarantee an apprehension of the service user narrative within a multi-professional context the practician should reflect and summarize and do accurate recordings. Information should be stored in conformity to the Data Protection Act, 1989 ( legislation.gov.uk ) and besides be shared efficaciously between multi-agencies and safeguarding sections ( Crippling, 2003 ) . Numerous kids have died from maltreatment and disregard in the United Kingdom ( Brandon et al, 2005 ) . In 2000, Victoria Climbie was subjected to inhuman treatment by her aunt and her spouse which resulted in her loss of life. Laming ( 2003 ) describes Victoria s decease as a gross failure of the system and inexcusable and recommended reforms ( 1.18 p.3 ) . In England, the authorities published the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( DoH et al 2000 ) and extra policy counsel came approximately in Every Child Matters: Change for Children ( 2003 ) that made all professionals accountable for safeguarding, kid development, concentrating on early intercession, joint sense of duty and information sharing with incorporate forepart line services and an accent on kids carry throughing their possible ( dcsf.gov.uk 2012 ) . The undermentioned twelvemonth the Children Act ( 2004 ) Section 11 ( DfES, 2005 ) gave clear counsel on multi-agency working and provinc es that safeguarding kids is everyone s concern. The Children Act 1989 ( DoH,1989 ) and the Children Act 2004 ( DoH,2004a ) presently underpin kid public assistance pattern in England. The former Act considers the construct of a child in demand ( subdivision 17 ) and accentuates the importance household support services who both promote the kid s public assistance and assist precaution and assist parents in their function. In add-on Working Together to Safeguard Children ( 2010 ) gives extended counsel on collaborative working and defines functions and duties of professionals ( HM. Government 2010 ) . This counsel is soon being revised and reduced to relieve bureaucratism for professionals, nevertheless Mansuri ( 2012, cited in McGregor 2012 ) argues that the existent safeguarding concerns are unwieldy caseloads, plumping moral and cuts to back up staff and criticises the authorities for neglecting to confer with more practicians sing these alterations. An illustration for effectual working together that may profit the household in the instance scenario is Team around the Family ( TAF ) intercession. This encourages effectual, early designation of extra demand, it assesses strengths and is renewing in attack that provides the household chances for alteration and enhances multi-agency coaction ( cheshirewestandchester,2012 ) . Family mentoring services may besides be utile in this instance ( catch-22.2012 ) . Children s Services in England and Wales adhere to The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( DoH et al 2000 ) . The Assessment Framework provides an ecological attack of the kid s developmental demands, rearing capacity, household and environmental factors. This ecological attack was championed by Bronfenbrenner, ( 1979, cited Martin, 2010 ) found that by integrating the microsystem, exosystem and macrosystem benefited both practicians and service users by enabling wider societies influences of civilization and economic fortunes to be considered in appraisal ( Wilson et al, 2011 ) . This evidenced- based model purposes to guarantee that the kid s public assistance is both promoted and protected ( Cleaver et al, 2004 ) . This model provides a consistent method of collating and analyzing information, therefore giving practicians a more consistent apprehension of the kid s developmental demands, the capacity of their parents and the influence of the drawn-out household and other environmental factors that impact on the household ( DoH al, 2000 ) . However, Garrett ( 2003 ; Rose, 2002 in Crisp et Al, 2007 ) believe that the underpinning grounds for the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( 2000 ) is debatable. Howarth ( 2002 in Crisp et Al, 2007 ) suggests that attach toing specific counsel for kids from black and cultural minorities are less widely circulated than the model papers. Katz ( 1997, cited in Crisp et Al, 2007 ) accuses the model as being mechanistic checklists used by inexperient staff as informations aggregation tools and fring focal point on placing and run intoing the demands of kids ( Horwath, 2002 cited in Crisp et al 2007 ) . Similarly, Munro ( 2011 ) challenged all professionals to guarantee that our kid protection system is centred on the kid or immature individual, as she believes the system has lost its focal point on the kid s demands and experiences and has been excessively focused on regulations, time-frames in appraisal and processs. At present an initial appraisal is carried out 10 yearss from referral and a nucleus appraisal must be completed within 35 yearss of an Initial Assessment, and would be undertaken to originate kid protection enquires ( DoH et al, 2000 ) . Practitioners use duplicate trailing and prosecute other possibilities for the household ( scie-socialcareonline.org.uk ) . This may be ethically and emotionally hard for practicians ; they should guarantee supervising and adhere to their professional criterions of proficiency and moralss ( HCPC, 2012 ) . Munro ( 2011 ) urges the authorities to value professional expertness and revise statutory counsel on service intercession and bringing and calls for more focal point on understanding the implicit in issues that influenced professional pattern that resulted in Serious Case Reviews. Munro ( 2011 ) besides calls for reforming societal work preparation and arrangement proviso for pupils. The authorities accepted Munro s recommendations and alterations to the system will be implemented in 2012 ( DfE 2011 ) . Damien ( see appendix 1 ) meets the threshold standard for intercession under section17 ( 10 ) of The Children Act ( 1989 ) as his wellness or development may be significantly impaired without support services. At present he does non look to be at hazard of important injury, nevertheless a nucleus appraisal may be good in finding the appropriate support services ( HM Government, 2010 ) , examples include Youth Offending Teams ( YOT ) who deliver offense bar programmes ( youth-offending-team, 2012 ) , Particular Educational Needs Coordinators ( SENCO ) and larning wise mans provide support in educational scenes ( Good schools guide,2012 ) . It is critical throughout the appraisal procedure that practicians are non-judgmental and utilize brooding pattern and have an consciousness of transference and counter-transference to scatter any negative responses and feelings ( DoH, 2000 ; Wilson et Al, 2008 ) . The practician should pull on theories of human development through the lifetime every bit good as sociological, biological, psychological and psychosocial theories. For illustration ; biological theory would see familial influences, physical development and instinctual behavior whereas the sociological position would underscore the importance of societal factors ( Horwath, 2010 ) . It may be that the household are populating in poorness and had have non been in reception of full benefit entitlements or support services ; it would be advisable to reach relevant public assistance bureaus and seek professional aid for fiscal support to help this household ( family-action, 2012 ) . The Children Act ( 1989 ) states that for the bulk of kids their household is the most appropriate topographic point for them to populate. However, the local authorization has a responsibility of attention and Madison ( see appendix 1 ) demands to be accommodated under subdivision 20 of the Children Act ( 1989 ) , as she is a kid in demand ( subdivision 17 ) or a kid at hazard of important injury ( subdivision 47 ) . Chris and Julie have parental duty for their kids until they are adopted ( D of H, 1989 ; 2000 ; HM Government, 2010 ) . When measuring households the practician should hold an apprehension of theories that inform pattern. In relation to Erikson s ( 1982 ) theory of psychosocial phases of development, it could be suggested that Madison is in the 5th phase of development known as ; Identity and Repudiation versus Identity diffusion. This phase normally will happen between ages 12-18. Throughout adolescence kids are going more independent and developing a sense of ego. Madison could see confusion in this phase as she has spent clip in affinity and residential attention. Erikson ( 1982 ) believes with encouragement, support, and through personal geographic expedition striplings can go forth this phase with a strong individuality and way in life. If Madison fails to go through through this phase successfully she will be insecure about herself and her hereafter ( Erikson, 1982 cited in Wilson et al 2008 ) . Hamachek ( 1988 ) suggests this theory is equivocal in placing behavior of an person s psychological growing throughout different phases of development. Chris and Julie have had one kid adopted and have been unable to rear eight of their nine kids. During assessment practicians should hold an apprehension of attachment classs and associating behaviors ; it could be that some of Chris and Julies kids developed anxious-ambivalent fond regards. Role reversal may hold taken topographic point, therefore ensuing in the kids going angry about the undependability of the carer and perchance the ground for them exposing anti-social behaviors Ainsworth ( et al. , 1978 cited in Becket and Taylor, 2010 ) . Early fond regard theory was criticized for denying adult females equality in the workplace by connoting that the hazard of female parents go forthing their kids would be damaging to their kids s development ( Beckett and Taylor, 2010 ) . With respect to Julie and Chris, the local authorization could set about a pre-birth appraisal and multi-professional instance conference under ( subdivision 47 ) of the Children Act ( 1989 ) to measure parent ing capacity, household and environment, and their ability to prolong rearing to run into the kid s development and altering demands ( Department of Health 1989 ; Department of Health, 2010 ) . Specialist appraisal tools for parents with learning disablements would help the twosome in their apprehension and partnership planning ( McGaw, 2000 ; cited in Wallbridge, 2012 ) . Both Chris and Julie have completed a rearing class and this is positive as they had non done so antecedently ( Casey 2012 ) . Wallbridge ( 2012 ) claims successful support bundles offer intensive, uninterrupted preparation for parenting, for illustration group work and life accomplishments in the place, both parents experiencing valued are frequently positive accelerators of alteration. A recent authorities study ( 2012 ) nevertheless, identified the kid protection system as being reactive instead than proactive with respect to immature people accessing services. It warned that professionals gave the parents legion alterations to better their parenting accomplishments and kids were left to populate with inattentive parents ( publications.parliament.uk, 2012 ) This essay has critiqued the study Listening to Troubled Families by Louise Casey ( 2012 ) and found restrictions in the methodological analysis. It considered the demands of a household identified and critiqued the function and accomplishments of a societal worker in safeguarding. It has argued the importance of effectual multi-professional coaction, cognition of modern-day statute law, pattern and theories with respect to implementing partnership working to back up kids, households and carers. It besides identified external accounts ; poorness, isolation and late intercession can impact on these households. Munro ( 2011 ) urges the authorities to value professional opinions and alteration statutory counsel in order to assist safeguard kids. Bibliography Action for Advocacy ( 2012 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.actionforadvocacy.org.uk/ [ Accessed 25th October 2012 ] Anning, A. Cottrell, D. Frost, F. Green, J. Robinson, M ( 2006 ) Developing Multi-professional Teamwork for Integrated Children s Services. England. Open University Press. Bailey, N ( 2012 ) The Listening to Troubled Families study is an ethical failure. 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The Function and Cell Types of Epithelial Tissue

The Function and Cell Types of Epithelial Tissue The word tissue is derived from a Latin word meaning to weave.  Cells that make up tissues are sometimes woven together with extracellular fibers. Likewise, a tissue can sometimes be held together by a sticky substance that coats its cells. There are four main categories of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. Lets take a look at epithelial tissue. Epithelial Tissue Function Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs, vessels (blood and lymph), and cavities. Epithelial cells form the thin layer of cells known as the endothelium, which is contiguous with the inner tissue lining of organs such as the brain, lungs, skin, and heart. The free surface of epithelial tissue is usually exposed to fluid or the air, while the bottom surface is attached to a basement membrane.The cells in epithelial tissue are very closely packed together and joined with little space between them. With its tightly packed structure, we would expect epithelial tissue to serve some type of barrier and protective function and that is certainly the case. For example, the skin is composed of a layer of epithelial tissue (epidermis) that is supported by a layer of connective tissue. It protects the internal structures of the body from damage and dehydration.Epithelial tissue also helps to protect against microorganisms. The skin is the bodys first line of defense aga inst bacteria, viruses, and other microbes. Epithelial tissue functions to absorb, secrete, and excrete substances. In the intestines, this tissue absorbs nutrients during digestion. Epithelial tissue in glands secrete hormones, enzymes, and other substances. Epithelial tissue in the kidneys excrete wastes, and in the sweat glands excrete perspiration.Epithelial tissue also has a sensory function as it contains sensory nerves in areas such as the skin, tongue, nose, and ears.Ciliated epithelial tissue can be found in areas such as the female reproductive tract and the respiratory tract. Cilia are hair-like protrusions that help propel substances, such as dust particles or female gametes, in the proper direction. Classifying Epithelial Tissue Epithelia are commonly classified based on the shape of the cells on the free surface, as well as the number of cell layers. Sample types include: Simple Epithelium: Simple epithelium contains a single layer of cells.Stratified Epithelium: Stratified epithelium contains multiple layers of cells.Pseudostratified Epithelium: Pseudostratified epithelium appears to be stratified, but is not. The single layer of cells in this type of tissue contain nuclei that are arranged at different levels, making it appear to be stratified. Likewise, the shape of the cells on the free surface can be: Cuboidal - Analogous to the shape of dice.Columnar - Analogous to the shape of bricks on an end.Squamous - Analogous to the shape of flat tiles on a floor. By combining the terms for shape and layers, we can derive epithelial types such as pseudostratified columnar epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, or stratified squamous epithelium. Simple Epithelium Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. The free surface of epithelial tissue is usually exposed to fluid or the air, while the bottom surface is attached to a basement membrane. Simple epithelial tissue lines body cavities and tracts. Simple epithelial cells compose linings in  blood vessels,  kidneys,  skin, and the  lungs. Simple epithelium aids in  diffusion  and  osmosis  processes in the body. Stratified Epithelium Stratified epithelium consists of epithelial cells stacked in multiple layers. These cells typically cover exterior surfaces of the body, such as the  skin. They are also found interiorly in portions of the  digestive tract  and  reproductive tract. Stratified epithelium serves a protective role by helping to prevent water loss and damage by chemicals or friction. This tissue is constantly renewed as  dividing cells  on the bottom layer move toward the surface to replace older  cells. Pseudostratified Epithelium Pseudostratified epithelium appears to be stratified but is not. The single layer of cells in this type of tissue contain  nuclei  that are arranged at different levels, making it appear to be stratified. All cells are in contact with the basement membrane. Pseudostratified epithelium is found in the respiratory tract and the  male reproductive system. Pseudostratified epithelium in the respiratory tract is  ciliated  and contain finger-like projections that help to remove unwanted particles from the  lungs. Endothelium Endothelial cells form the inner lining of the  cardiovascular system  and  lymphatic system  structures. Endothelial cells are epithelial cells that form a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium known as  the endothelium. Endothelium makes up the inner layer of vessels such as  arteries,  veins, and  lymphatic vessels. In the smallest blood vessels,  capillaries  and sinusoids, endothelium comprises the majority of the vessel.​ Blood vessel  endothelium  is contiguous with the inner tissue lining of organs such as the  brain,  lungs,  skin, and  heart. Endothelial cells are derived from endothelial  stem cells  located in  bone marrow. Endothelial Cell Structure Endothelial cells are thin, flat cells that are  packed closely together to form a single layer of endothelium. The bottom surface of endothelium is attached to a basement membrane, while the free surface is usually exposed to fluid. Endothelium can be continuous, fenestrated (porous), or discontinuous. With continuous endothelium,  tight junctions  are formed when the  cell membranes  of cells in close contact with one another join together to form a barrier that prevents the passage of fluid between the  cells. Tight junctions may contain numerous transport vesicles to allow the passage of certain molecules and ions. This can be observed in the endothelium of  muscles  and  gonads. Conversely, tight junctions in areas such as the  central nervous system  (CNS) have very few transport vesicles. As such, the passage of substances in the CNS is very restrictive. In  fenestrated endothelium, the endothelium contains pores to allow small molecules and  proteins  to pass. This type of endothelium is found in  organs  and glands of the  endocrine system, in the intestines, and in the  kidneys.   Discontinuous endothelium  contains large pores in its endothelium and is attached to an incomplete basement membrane. Discontinuous endothelium allows  blood cells  and larger proteins to pass through the vessels. This type of endothelium is present in the  sinusoids  of the liver,  spleen, and  bone marrow. Endothelium Functions Endothelial cells perform a variety of essential functions in the body. One of the primary functions of endothelium is to act as a semi-permeable barrier between body fluids (blood  and lymph) and the  organs  and tissues of the body. In blood vessels, endothelium helps blood to flow properly by producing molecules that prevent blood from clotting and  platelets  from clumping together. When there is a break in a blood vessel, endothelium secretes substances that cause blood vessels to constrict, platelets to adhere to injured endothelium to form a plug, and blood to coagulate. This helps to prevent bleeding in damaged vessels and tissues. Other functions of endothelial cells include: Macromolecule Transport RegulationEndothelium regulates the movement of macromolecules, gases, and fluid between the blood and surrounding tissues. The movement of certain molecules across the endothelium is either restricted or allowed based on the type of endothelium (continuous, fenestrated, or discontinuous) and physiological conditions. The endothelial cells in the brain that form the blood-brain barrier, for instance, are highly selective and allow only certain substances to move across the endothelium. The  nephrons  in the kidneys, however, contain fenestrated endothelium to enable the filtration of blood and the formation of urine.Immune ResponseBlood vessel endothelium helps cells of the  immune system  exit blood vessels to reach tissues that are under attack from foreign substances such as  bacteria  and  viruses. This process is selective in that  white blood cells  and not  red blood cells  are allowed to pass through the endothelium in this manner .Angiogenesis and LymphangiogenesisThe endothelium is responsible for angiogenesis (creation of new blood vessels) and lymphangiogenesis (new lymphatic vessel formation). These processes are necessary for the repair of damaged tissue and tissue growth. Blood Pressure RegulationEndothelial cells release molecules that help to constrict or dilate blood vessels when needed. Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels and restricting blood flow. Vasodilation widens vessel passages and lowers blood pressure. Endothelium and Cancer Endothelial cells play a critical role in the growth, development, and spread of some  cancer cells. Cancer cells require a good supply of oxygen and nutrients to grow. Tumor cells send signaling molecules to nearby normal cells to activate certain  genes  in the normal cells to produce certain  proteins. These proteins initiate new blood vessel growth to tumor cells, a process called tumor angiogenesis. These growing tumors metastasize, or spread, by entering blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. They are carried to another area of the body via the  circulatory system  or the  lymphatic system. The tumor cells then exit through the vessel walls and invade surrounding tissue. Sources: Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Blood Vessels and Endothelial Cells. Available from: (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26848/)Understanding Cancer Series. Angiogenesis. National Cancer Institute. Accessed 08/24/2014